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高考英語(yǔ)閱讀文章的文體分類
閱讀是一種理解、吸收、鑒賞、評(píng)價(jià)文章的思維過錯(cuò)。完成這個(gè)思維過程,則需要經(jīng)過認(rèn)知、分析、綜合、理解、記憶、感受、判斷等程序。文體類別不同,決定著敘述風(fēng)格的差異。掌握文體風(fēng)格,識(shí)別文章敘述結(jié)構(gòu),對(duì)正確領(lǐng)悟文章主旨有極大的幫助。下面小編給大家整理了高考英語(yǔ)閱讀文章的文體分類以及答題技巧,歡迎大家閱讀參考!

一、英語(yǔ)閱讀文體類型簡(jiǎn)析
高考英語(yǔ)閱讀常見的文體類型有:記敘文、議論文、說明文和應(yīng)用文。
[1]記敘文。
英語(yǔ)記敘文以描寫敘述為主,主要描寫人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、或過程。特點(diǎn)是,其主題往往潛伏在字里行間,沒有直接地表白出來(lái);文章主旨要透過體察所揭示的人物、事件來(lái)進(jìn)行提煉。描寫手法大多按時(shí)間跨度、空間順序、上下順序來(lái)展開。閱讀記敘文體應(yīng)采取略讀和掃讀的方法,快速抓住文中描寫的主要內(nèi)容,從整體上去把握文章的連貫性,進(jìn)而大體上揣測(cè)出作者的寫作意圖及情感主線。高考閱讀就記敘文設(shè)題大多以細(xì)節(jié)理解為主。
[2]議論文。
英語(yǔ)議論文通常為三段式,即“論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、結(jié)論”三部份組成。首先借助某一現(xiàn)象引出論點(diǎn),然后通過一定論據(jù)從各個(gè)層面上加以推理論證,最后得出結(jié)論。議論文體主要考查學(xué)生對(duì)論點(diǎn)及論據(jù)的把握。因此,遇到議論文體時(shí),應(yīng)采取抓主題句的方法來(lái)把握文章主旨,弄清作者的觀點(diǎn)。一般來(lái)說,作者的論點(diǎn)通常在文章首段被引出,接著是對(duì)這一論點(diǎn)的邏輯推理和論證,最后為結(jié)論。還應(yīng)注意的是:在對(duì)論點(diǎn)論證的過程中,每一段的首句都是該段的主題句。把握全文論點(diǎn)、弄清論證各段的主題句、理解文章層次、找出中心論點(diǎn)的位置是理解議論文的關(guān)鍵。
就議論文而言,其論證的常見結(jié)構(gòu)方式有:
1,總分式 總---分;分----總;總----分---總;
2,并列式 幾個(gè)論據(jù)之間屬于平等關(guān)系;
3,遞進(jìn)式 幾個(gè)論據(jù)之間屬于遞進(jìn)關(guān)系;
4,對(duì)照式 把兩種事物加以對(duì)比,以彰顯其中一種。
[3]說明文。
英語(yǔ)說明文的總體結(jié)構(gòu)通常為三部份,說明對(duì)象、說明過程和歸納總結(jié)。常見的說明方法:
1,定義與詮釋說明;
2,舉例與引用說明;
3,分類與圖表說明;
4,比較與比喻說明;
5,分析與綜合說明;
就高考英語(yǔ)說明文的閱讀而言,首先要抓住文章說明的要點(diǎn),也就是要抓住被說明對(duì)象的實(shí)質(zhì)性特征;弄清作者從哪個(gè)角度、哪個(gè)層面開始說明;并明白文章最后的說明結(jié)論。高考說明文閱讀材料通常介紹最新科技、重大成就、生活時(shí)尚、流行現(xiàn)象等。了解說明文的寫作手法、說明方法,理清短文結(jié)構(gòu)及段落中心思想是答題關(guān)鍵。
[4]應(yīng)用文。
英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文屬于實(shí)用型文體,如書信、通知、日記、廣告等。應(yīng)用文閱讀要注意文中具體細(xì)節(jié)的把握與理解,弄清作者所傳達(dá)的實(shí)際信息及表達(dá)的具體內(nèi)容。閱讀時(shí)采取速讀與精讀相結(jié)合的方法,力求快速精確地查出試題所設(shè)置的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容。
二、英語(yǔ)閱讀理解答題技巧
高考閱讀理解常見的設(shè)題形式有:詞義猜測(cè)題、主旨大意題、細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理題和推斷題。題型不同,答題技巧也就有差異。下面就不同題型的答題技巧作一點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)分析。
1、詞義猜測(cè)技巧。
這種題型要求對(duì)文章中的劃線生詞進(jìn)行詞義猜測(cè)。這類題型不僅要求具備一定構(gòu)詞法,而且也要求對(duì)上下文具有比較全面的理解。做詞意猜測(cè)時(shí),應(yīng)注意劃線生詞后面的定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句通常用來(lái)解釋生詞的詞意。另外,還要應(yīng)注意生詞后的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào),如逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)都可用于提示詞意。有時(shí),詞意隱藏在全文或某一段中,這就需要把握文段的意境來(lái)加以透知該詞的含義。
2、抓主旨大意的技巧。
一般來(lái)說,議論文的主旨大意要么在首段,要么在尾段。文章主旨位于首段時(shí),其后的段落通常是演繹論證的過程;在段尾時(shí),其前的段落通常是在擺事實(shí)、講道理,最后歸納出全文主旨。說明文的主旨也通常位于首段;記敘文的主旨有的位于開首段(如新聞報(bào)道、時(shí)事經(jīng)緯等文章的主旨均置于開場(chǎng)白的位置,達(dá)到開門見山、直奔主題的效果),但大多數(shù)記敘文的主旨隱藏在文章之中,需理清文章脈絡(luò),挖掘文章內(nèi)涵,把握作者意圖。
3、推斷題型答題技巧。
推理是在既有信息的基礎(chǔ)上得出合乎文章內(nèi)容的內(nèi)涵意義,即某一問題、某一觀點(diǎn)沒有直接表述,而寓意在文章的字里行間,要求通過文中信息分析推出某種符合作者思想、符合文章邏輯的內(nèi)涵意義。推斷則是指通過對(duì)文章進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析,推出文章未直接陳述的言外之意。推斷題推斷得正確與否,很大程度上取決于是否能正確把握作者潛隱在字里行間的語(yǔ)氣及觀點(diǎn)。
4、細(xì)節(jié)題型的答題技巧。
細(xì)節(jié)題型的解答通常是借助對(duì)文中的具體信息的查尋來(lái)解決。答題時(shí)要采取略讀、掃讀、析讀和精讀的辦法從文中找出問題答案。細(xì)節(jié)題型多問及時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、數(shù)量和特征等。
三、高考英語(yǔ)閱讀理解不同體裁答題思路與解題技巧
一、應(yīng)用文
(一)文章特點(diǎn)
語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練:用詞精準(zhǔn),無(wú)冗余表達(dá),人名、地名、專有名詞多,可能出現(xiàn)較多生詞、縮略詞。同時(shí),祈使句、省略句常見,句子結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)不完整。
結(jié)構(gòu)清晰:多以排列式呈現(xiàn),常采用“標(biāo)題 + 小標(biāo)題” 的形式展開內(nèi)容,方便讀者快速定位信息。
目的明確:旨在直接向讀者傳遞特定信息,如廣告宣傳產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)、公告發(fā)布重要事項(xiàng)等。
。ǘ┐痤}思路與技巧
快速瀏覽,把握主旨:跳讀文章標(biāo)題及每個(gè)小標(biāo)題,或閱讀文章首段,快速確定應(yīng)用文的主題及各部分大致內(nèi)容,無(wú)需通讀全文。例如,一篇旅游宣傳的應(yīng)用文,通過標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題能迅速知曉其介紹的旅游目的地、特色景點(diǎn)、旅游活動(dòng)等關(guān)鍵信息。
審清題干,圈出關(guān)鍵:仔細(xì)閱讀題目,明確題干意思,圈出疑問詞(如 what、where、when 等)、人名、地名、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)等關(guān)鍵詞。比如題目問 “Where can tourists buy local handicrafts?”,“where” 和 “l(fā)ocal handicrafts” 就是關(guān)鍵信息。
定位原文,比對(duì)選項(xiàng):將題干中的關(guān)鍵詞帶入原文,借助小標(biāo)題等快速鎖定其位置。然后把關(guān)鍵詞所在句、所在段落的細(xì)節(jié)描述與四個(gè)選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行細(xì)致比對(duì),得出答案。如在一篇關(guān)于活動(dòng)安排的應(yīng)用文中,根據(jù)題干“At what time does the lecture start?” 中的 “l(fā)ecture start”,定位到相關(guān)段落,找到具體時(shí)間,再與選項(xiàng)對(duì)比。
。ㄈ⿲(shí)例分析
題目
Advertisement for a Music Concert
Date: June 15th, 2025
Venue: City Concert Hall
Performers: World - famous bands and singers
Tickets:
VIP tickets: $200, including a meet - and - greet with performers
Regular tickets: $80
Family package (2 adults + 2 children): $200
Special Offer: Buy two regular tickets and get one free before June 1st.
1.Where will the music concert be held?
A. In a park.B. At City Concert Hall.
C. In a stadium.D. At a theater.
2.How much should a family of four (2 adults and 2 children) pay if they buy tickets before June 1st?
A. 200. B.160. C. 240. D320.
解析
對(duì)于第一題,根據(jù)題干中的“Where”,定位到原文 “Venue: City Concert Hall”,可直接得出答案為 B。
第二題,題干關(guān)鍵信息是“a family of four (2 adults and 2 children)” 和 “before June 1st”。先看 “Family package (2 adults + 2 children): 200”,但因?yàn)橛小癰efore June 1st”的時(shí)間限制,需考慮“Special Offer: Buy two regular tickets and get one free”。兩個(gè)成人買兩張常規(guī)票,按優(yōu)惠可免費(fèi)得一張,此時(shí)已有三張票,再單獨(dú)買一張兒童常規(guī)票(80),總共花費(fèi)80×2+80 = $240,答案為 C。
二、記敘文
。ㄒ唬┪恼绿攸c(diǎn)
以事為主:通過敘述事件的發(fā)展過程來(lái)展現(xiàn)故事,通常包含事件的起因、經(jīng)過、高潮和結(jié)局等要素。
時(shí)間或邏輯順序:多數(shù)按時(shí)間順序敘述事件,也可能依據(jù)事件重要性等邏輯順序展開。
情感表達(dá):結(jié)尾常蘊(yùn)含作者的情感感悟,是文章的核心與升華部分。
。ǘ┐痤}思路與技巧
順藤摸瓜解細(xì)節(jié):記敘文包含大量事件發(fā)展細(xì)節(jié),涉及 5W(what、who、when、where、why)要素。解答細(xì)節(jié)題時(shí),按文章順序從前到后、從上到下依次作答。如在一篇講述探險(xiǎn)經(jīng)歷的記敘文中,問探險(xiǎn)者何時(shí)到達(dá)目的地,直接在文中按順序查找相關(guān)時(shí)間信息即可。
左顧右盼覓線索:做題時(shí)若無(wú)法在文中找到與題干完全一致的詞句,需抓住題干關(guān)鍵詞,到文中準(zhǔn)確定位相關(guān)語(yǔ)句或疑似語(yǔ)句位置,然后從前句或后句尋找線索。例如,題干問“主人公為什么感到沮喪”,在文中找到描述主人公沮喪的語(yǔ)句后,查看前后句,可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致其沮喪的原因。
刨根問底析主旨:主旨大意、推理判斷、作者意圖等題型可采用類似方法。解答時(shí)不能被題干表象迷惑,要深入分析選項(xiàng),通過在文中前后查找、結(jié)合生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常理體會(huì)言外之意。比如,文章講述了一位老人堅(jiān)持做公益的故事,問作者寫這篇文章的意圖,就需從文中老人的行為及作者描述的字里行間分析,可能是為了贊揚(yáng)老人的奉獻(xiàn)精神,呼吁大家參與公益。
撥云見日猜詞義:遇到詞義猜測(cè)題,要結(jié)合上下文,在幾句話、一個(gè)段落甚至整篇文章中搜尋線索,考慮人物、事物間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,從而推測(cè)詞義。如在一篇故事中,出現(xiàn)“His face was ashen when he heard the bad news.”,通過 “heard the bad news” 可知主人公聽到壞消息,結(jié)合常識(shí),“ashen” 可能表示臉色蒼白。
(三)實(shí)例分析
題目
Last summer, I went on a trip to the mountains with my friends. We started our journey early in the morning. After a few hours drive, we arrived at the foot of the mountains. The scenery there was amazing, with tall trees and colorful flowers everywhere. As we climbed higher, the air became fresher. Suddenly, one of my friends, Tom, slipped and hurt his leg. We were all worried. We stopped immediately and tried to help him. Luckily, a kind - hearted hiker passed by and offered us some first - aid supplies. With his help, we bandaged Toms leg and slowly made our way down the mountain.
1.When did they start their trip?
A. In the afternoon.
B. At noon.
C. Early in the morning.
D. In the evening.
2.What happened to Tom?
A. He lost his way.
B. He slipped and hurt his leg.
C. He got sick.
D. He fell into a river.
3.What can we infer from the passage?
A. They didnt enjoy the trip at all.
B. They will never go on a trip again.
C. People are usually helpful in difficult situations.
D. The mountains are very dangerous.
解析
第一題,根據(jù)“Last summer, I went on a trip to the mountains with my friends. We started our journey early in the morning.”,直接得出答案為 C。
第二題,由“Suddenly, one of my friends, Tom, slipped and hurt his leg.” 可知答案是 B。
第三題,從“A kind - hearted hiker passed by and offered us some first - aid supplies.” 可推斷出在困難情況下人們通常是樂于助人的,答案為 C。A 選項(xiàng),他們雖遇到意外但不能說完全沒享受旅行;B 選項(xiàng),文中未提及不再旅行;D 選項(xiàng),不能因一次意外就說山很危險(xiǎn),均不符合文意。
三、議論文
。ㄒ唬┪恼绿攸c(diǎn)
論點(diǎn)明確:作者對(duì)某個(gè)問題或事件持有清晰的觀點(diǎn),并在文章開頭或結(jié)尾明確提出。
論據(jù)充分:運(yùn)用事實(shí)、例子、統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)、名人名言等作為論據(jù)來(lái)支持論點(diǎn)。
論證嚴(yán)謹(jǐn):通過一定邏輯推理將論點(diǎn)和論據(jù)聯(lián)系起來(lái),常見論證方法有舉例論證、對(duì)比論證、因果論證等。
。ǘ┐痤}思路與技巧
找準(zhǔn)論點(diǎn)論據(jù):閱讀時(shí)首先確定文章論點(diǎn),常見于文章開頭(如提出問題后直接表明觀點(diǎn))或結(jié)尾(總結(jié)全文得出結(jié)論)。例如,在討論“是否應(yīng)該限制學(xué)生使用手機(jī)” 的議論文中,論點(diǎn)可能是 “Mobile phone use among students should be restricted to ensure better academic performance.”,接著找出支持論點(diǎn)的論據(jù),如 “Statistics show that students who spend less time on mobile phones have higher grades in exams.”。
剖析論證邏輯:理解作者運(yùn)用的論證方法及如何通過該方法證明論點(diǎn)。若是舉例論證,關(guān)注例子與論點(diǎn)的聯(lián)系;對(duì)比論證則明確對(duì)比雙方及目的。比如在對(duì)比線上學(xué)習(xí)和線下學(xué)習(xí)效果的議論文中,通過對(duì)比兩者的學(xué)習(xí)效率、互動(dòng)性等方面,論證哪種學(xué)習(xí)方式更具優(yōu)勢(shì),進(jìn)而支持論點(diǎn)。
判斷態(tài)度意圖:分析論點(diǎn)和論據(jù),判斷作者對(duì)討論問題的態(tài)度(支持、反對(duì)或中立),同時(shí)明確作者寫作意圖,是說服讀者接受觀點(diǎn)還是引發(fā)思考等。例如,作者通過大量論據(jù)闡述環(huán)保的重要性,意圖可能是呼吁人們重視環(huán)保。
。ㄈ⿲(shí)例分析
題目
Should Students Wear School Uniforms?
In recent years, the issue of whether students should wear school uniforms has been widely discussed. Some people believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. They argue that uniforms can create a sense of unity among students, reducing the differences in clothing and thus preventing students from being judged by their appearance. For example, in a school where uniforms are required, students focus more on their studies rather than competing with each other in fashion.
However, others hold the opposite view. They think that uniforms limit students personal expression. Students should have the right to choose what to wear, which can help them develop their individuality. For instance, a student who is interested in fashion may feel restricted by the uniform and lose the opportunity to show their creativity.
1.What is the main argument of those who support school uniforms?
A. Uniforms are more comfortable.
B. Uniforms can improve students academic performance.
C. Uniforms create a sense of unity and reduce appearance - based judgment.
D. Uniforms are cheaper than other clothes.
2.What is the example of a student interested in fashion used for?
A. To show that uniforms are not popular among students.
B. To prove that uniforms limit students personal expression.
C. To suggest that students should not be interested in fashion.
D. To emphasize the importance of creativity.
3.What is the authors attitude towards students wearing school uniforms?
A. Supportive.
B. Opposed.
C. Neutral.
D. Indifferent.
解析
第一題,根據(jù)“Some people believe that school uniforms should be mandatory. They argue that uniforms can create a sense of unity among students, reducing the differences in clothing and thus preventing students from being judged by their appearance.”,答案為 C。
第二題,從“However, others hold the opposite view. They think that uniforms limit students personal expression. Students should have the right to choose what to wear, which can help them develop their individuality. For instance, a student who is interested in fashion...” 可知,該例子是為了證明校服限制學(xué)生個(gè)性表達(dá),答案為 B。
第三題,作者分別闡述了支持和反對(duì)校服的觀點(diǎn),未明確表達(dá)自己的傾向,所以態(tài)度是中立的,答案為 C。
四、說明文
(一)文章特點(diǎn)
科學(xué)性強(qiáng):用于介紹事物的特征、原理、發(fā)展過程等,內(nèi)容客觀、準(zhǔn)確,具有較強(qiáng)科學(xué)性
條理清晰:常采用總分總、總分、分總等結(jié)構(gòu),按照一定順序(如時(shí)間順序、空間順序、邏輯順序)進(jìn)行說明。
語(yǔ)言平實(shí):用詞準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔,較少使用夸張、比喻等修辭手法,以清晰傳達(dá)信息為目的。
。ǘ┐痤}思路與技巧
梳理結(jié)構(gòu)層次:閱讀時(shí)先確定文章結(jié)構(gòu),明確各段落之間的關(guān)系。如在介紹一種新型科技產(chǎn)品的說明文中,可能先總體介紹產(chǎn)品,再分別從功能、特點(diǎn)、使用方法等方面進(jìn)行說明,最后總結(jié)產(chǎn)品優(yōu)勢(shì)。通過梳理結(jié)構(gòu),能更好理解文章內(nèi)容。
關(guān)注說明細(xì)節(jié):注意文中對(duì)事物特征、原理、數(shù)據(jù)等關(guān)鍵細(xì)節(jié)的描述。這些細(xì)節(jié)是理解文章和解答題目的關(guān)鍵。例如,在說明某種植物的文章中,關(guān)于植物生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境、花期、果實(shí)特點(diǎn)等細(xì)節(jié)需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注。
分析說明方法:識(shí)別作者使用的說明方法,如舉例子、列數(shù)字、作比較、打比方等,并理解其作用。舉例子使說明更具體形象,列數(shù)字讓說明更準(zhǔn)確直觀。比如,“The new smartphone has a battery life that is 30% longer than the previous model.” 通過作比較突出新手機(jī)電池續(xù)航優(yōu)勢(shì)。
推理判斷信息:根據(jù)文章提供的信息進(jìn)行合理推理判斷,理解文章隱含意義。如在介紹某一歷史事件的說明文中,通過對(duì)事件背景、過程的描述,推斷事件產(chǎn)生的影響。
。ㄈ⿲(shí)例分析
題目
The Solar System
The solar system consists of the Sun and the objects that orbit around it. The Sun is at the center, and eight planets, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, revolve around it.
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. It has a very thin atmosphere and extreme temperature differences. Venus is known for its thick atmosphere, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in the solar system. Earth is the only planet with known life. Its atmosphere contains oxygen, which is essential for life. Mars is often called the "Red Planet" due to its reddish appearance caused by iron oxide on its surface.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system. It has a huge storm called the Great Red Spot that has been raging for centuries. Saturn is famous for its beautiful rings, which are made up of ice and rock particles. Uranus and Neptune are the outermost planets. Uranus rotates on its side, while Neptune has the strongest winds in the solar system.
1.Which planet is the hottest in the solar system?
A. Mercury.B. Venus.C. Earth.D. Mars.
2.Why is Mars called the "Red Planet"?
A. Because it is very hot.B. Because it has a lot of water.
C. Because of the iron oxide on its surface.D. Because it is close to the Sun.
3.What is special about Uranus?
A. It has the largest storm.
B. It has beautiful rings.
C. It rotates on its side.
D. It has the strongest winds.
解析
第一題,依據(jù)“Venus is known for its thick atmosphere, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, making it the hottest planet in the solar system.”,答案為 B。
第二題,從“Mars is often called the Red Planet due to its reddish appearance caused by iron oxide on its surface.” 可知答案是 C。
第三題,根據(jù)“Uranus rotates on its side”,答案為 C。A 選項(xiàng)是木星的特點(diǎn),B 選項(xiàng)是土星的特點(diǎn),D 選項(xiàng)是海王星的特點(diǎn)。
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